健康人的肠道内存在100万亿各种有益的细菌,而且这些细菌仅仅在肠道内生存,帮助肠道消化食物。肠道中的共生细菌对人体有益,在许多慢性病如艾滋病、肥胖等疾病和肠道共生细菌扩散到血液以及其它边缘组织有密切关系,这就会引发病人的慢性炎症。因此,如果共生细菌在不该生长的地方繁殖,人类机体就会出现病症。
来自宾夕法尼亚大学的研究者发现机体皮肤、肠道以及肺部表面被免疫细胞仅仅保护着,并且免疫细胞可以保护机体免于暴露于病毒、细菌以及寄生虫中。目前免疫细胞控制肠道及其它屏障表面的共生细菌的繁殖场所的机理尚不清楚。
研究者Gregory在健康小鼠肠道组织中发现了固有的免疫细胞-先天淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cells),这种免疫细胞可以限制共生细菌的繁殖场所;如果先天淋巴细胞在小鼠中缺失,共生细菌将会转移至周缘组织并且促发炎症。相关研究成果刊登在了近日的国际杂志Science上。
值得注意的是,研究者在周缘组织(peripheral tissues)发现的共生细菌属于产碱菌属的家族成员,这就意味着免疫系统可以进行高度选择性的途径来调节控制不同种群的肠道共生菌。研究者Artis表示,令科学家一直迷惑的是人类机体如何进化以协调这些共生细菌并且使这些共生细菌处于特定的区域。
先天淋巴细胞在慢性病人中可能会被损害,导致病人机体中产碱菌的散布以及病理学的炎症,这或将成为人类疾病的一个新靶点。研究者的研究揭示了以先天淋巴细胞的效应为靶点或者直接以特殊的共生细菌群组为靶点将对于治疗某些慢性炎症疾病会有一定帮助。相关研究由美国胃肠病协会支持赞助
Gregory F. Sonnenberg1, Laurel A. Monticelli1, Theresa Alenghat1, Thomas C. Fung1, Natalie A. Hutnick2, Jun Kunisawa3,4, Naoko Shibata3,4, Stephanie Grunberg1, Rohini Sinha1, Adam M. Zahm5, Mélanie R. Tardif6, Taheri Sathaliyawala7, Masaru Kubota7, Donna L. Farber7, Ronald G. Collman8, Abraham Shaked9, Lynette A. Fouser10, David B. Weiner2, Philippe A. Tessier6, Joshua R. Friedman5, Hiroshi Kiyono3,4,11, Frederic D. Bushman1, Kyong-Mi Chang8,12, David Artis1,13,*
The mammalian intestinal tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are anatomically restricted to specific niches. However, the mechanisms that regulate anatomical containment remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22)–producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are present in intestinal tissues of healthy mammals. Depletion of ILCs resulted in peripheral dissemination of commensal bacteria and systemic inflammation, which was prevented by administration of IL-22. Disseminating bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes species originating from host lymphoid tissues. Alcaligenes was sufficient to promote systemic inflammation after ILC depletion in mice, and Alcaligenes-specific systemic immune responses were associated with Crohn’s disease and progressive hepatitis C virus infection in patients. Collectively, these data indicate that ILCs regulate selective containment of lymphoid-resident bacteria to prevent systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases.